Any form of published material converted into an alternative medium (eg: braille, audio, digital text, etc) to enable accessible use solely by disabled persons, as authorized by the Vocational-Rehabilitation Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act. The exception phrase in the boilerplate prohibition ("Copying of this material in any manner, except in a specialized format, is strictly prohibited."), listed with the disclaimers and other legal notices on the acknowledgements page, is the publisher's recognition of the civil right to access public matter. As with Fair Use, this "re-publication" may entail permissions and fees. The "Chafee Amendment" (PL 104-197) to the Copyright Act (Title 17 USC, Section 121) improves acquisition time by presuming re-publication permission for recognized access service providers. See DAISY, crawl, MSAA, WAI, validation, accessibility, fair use, copyright, acknowledgements.